An electric grid is a complex, interconnected network that delivers electricity from producers (such as power plants) to consumers (homes, businesses, and industries). The system ensures that electricity generated in power stations reaches end users safely and efficiently.
An electric grid is composed of three main parts:
- Generation: Power plants produce electricity from various energy sources (such as coal, natural gas, nuclear, hydro, wind, or solar).
- Transmission: High-voltage transmission lines transport this electricity over long distances. Transformers are used to increase (step-up) the voltage for efficient long-distance travel, minimizing energy losses.
- Distribution: Near consumption points, substations step down (reduce) the voltage to safe levels before delivering electricity through distribution lines to homes and businesses.
The grid includes substations, transformers, and power lines, making it possible to balance electricity supply and demand in real time.
Electric grids can cover small areas (microgrids) or vast regions, even whole countries or continents. Most grids operate synchronously—meaning their frequency is coordinated—allowing electricity to flow smoothly and reliably across regions.
Access to an electric grid is essential for modern life, but some regions still lack grid connection. Grid reliability and security, including protection against physical and cyber threats, are important issues as the technology evolves.
